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In Situ Enhanced Attenuation
of PFAS

Relevant Publications

Definition of Remediation

Interstate Technology Regulatory Council, 2020, PFAS Remediation Explainer Video.

Inefficiency of Pump and Treat

D. Mackay and J. Cherry, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989, 23, 6, 630-636.

US Government Accounting Office, 2005, GAO-05-666.

National Research Council, 1994. Alternatives for groundwater cleanup.

Carrol, K. C., Brusseau, M. L., Tick, G. R. Soltanian, M.R. (2024). ‘Rethinking Pump and Treat as Maximizing Contaminated Groundwater’. Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier Press, vol. 918.

Generation of Waste Increases PFAS Risk

L. Hall and J. Wilson, J. Birnstingl. 2024, ‘Pandora’s PFAS box: Life cycle exposure considerations of treatment options for PFAS in groundwater’. Remediation Journal, vol. 34 (2)

Department of Defense Backs In Situ PFAS Treatment

Yohannan, S., 2024, ‘FY24 Spending Law Boosts DOD’s PFAS Cleanups, Backs In Situ Treatment’, Inside PFAS Policy, March 28, 2024, Inside Washington Publishers.

In Situ Enhanced Attenuation- Proof of Concept

Newell, C. J., Adamson, D. T., Kulkarni, P. R., Nzeribe, B. N., Connor, J. A., Popovic, J. and Stroo, H. F. (2021) ‘Monitored natural attenuation to manage PFAS impacts to groundwater: Potential guidelines’, Remediation Journal, 17 August.

Newell, C. J., Javed, H., Li, Y., Johnson, N. W., Richardson, S. D., Connor, J. A. and Adamson, D. T. (2022) ‘Enhanced attenuation (EA) to manage PFAS plumes in groundwater’, Remediation Journal, 4 August.

Niarchos, G., Ahrens, L., Berggren Kleja, D. and Fagerlund, F. (2022) ‘Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) retention by colloidal activated carbon: A dynamic column experiment’, Environmental Pollution, 1 August.

Hakimabadi, S. G., Taylor, A. and Pham, A. L.-T. (2023) ‘Factors affecting the adsorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by colloidal activated carbon’, Water Research, 15 August.

Niarchos, G., Georgii, L., Ahrens, L., Berggren Kleja, D. and Fagerlund, F. (2023) ‘A systematic study of the competitive sorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on colloidal activated carbon’, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 1 October.

Field Applications

Carey, G. R., Hakimabadi, S. G., Singh, M., McGregor, R., Woodfield, C., Van Geel, P. J., & Pham, A.‐T. (2022). ‘Longevity of colloidal activated carbon for in situ PFAS remediation at AFFF‐contaminated airport sites’. Remediation, 1–21.

McGregor, R. and Benevenuto, L. (2021) ‘The effect of heterogeneity on the distribution and treatment of PFAS in a complex geologic environment’, Frontiers in Environmental Chemistry, 20 September.

McGregor, R. and Zhao, Y. (2021) ‘The in situ treatment of TCE and PFAS in groundwater within a silty sand aquifer’, Remediation Journal, 31(2), pp. 7–17.

McGregor, R. (2020) ‘Six pilot-scale studies evaluating the in situ treatment of PFAS in groundwater’, Remediation, 30(3), pp. 39–50.

McGregor, R. (2018) ‘In situ treatment of PFAS-impacted groundwater using colloidal activated carbon’, Remediation Journal, 1 January.

Niarchos, G., Ahrens, L., Kleja, D. B., Leonard, G., Forde, J., Bergman, J., Ribeli, E., Schütz, M., & Fagerlund, F. (2023). ‘In‐situ application of colloidal activated carbon for PFAS‐contaminated soil and groundwater: A Swedish case study’. Remediation, 33, 101–110.

Modeling

Newell, C.J., Smith, W.B., Kearney, K., Clay, S., Javed, H., Carey, G.R., Richardson, S.D. and Werth, C.J. (2025), Tool and Database for Estimating Potential Longevity of Colloidal Activated Carbon Barriers for PFAS in Groundwater. Remediation Journal, 35: e70017.

Carey, G. R., Danko, A., Pham, A. L.-T., Soderberg, K., Hoagland, B. and Sleep, B. (2024) ‘Modeling the influence of coastal site characteristics on PFAS in situ remediation’, Groundwater, 15 February.

Carey, G. R., R. H. Anderson, P. Van Geel, et al. 2023. “Analysis of Colloidal Activated Carbon Alternatives for In Situ Remediation of a Large PFAS Plume and Source Area.” Remediation Journal 34, no. 1: e21772.

Carey, G. R., McGregor, R., Pham, A. L., Sleep, B., and Hakimabadi S. G. (2021) ‘Evaluating the longevity of a PFAS in situ colloidal activated carbon remedy’, Remediation Journal.

Newell C. J., Smith W. B., Kearney K., Clay S., Javed H., Carey G. R., Richardson S. D., Werth C. J. (2025) ‘Tool and database for estimating potential longevity of colloidal activated carbon barriers for PFAS remediation’, Remediation Journal, 14 April.

Technology Comparison

Birnstingl, J. G. A., Wilson, J., (2024). ‘A Cost Comparison of Pump-and-Treat and In Situ Colloidal Activated Carbon for PFAS Plume Management’. Remediation, 35, e70005.

Hall, L. C., Wilson, J. T., & Birnstingl, J. G. A. (2024). ‘Pandora’s PFAS box: Life cycle exposure considerations of treatment options for PFAS in groundwater’. Remediation, 34, e21775.

DiGuiseppi, W. H., Newell, C. J., Carey, G., Kulkarni, P. R., Xia, Z., Stults, J., Maher, T. L., Houtz, E. F., Mora, R., Wice, R., Tomiczek, P. W., Richardson, S. D., Xiong, J., Hale, J., Hnatko, J. P., McGregor, R., McDonough, J. T., Oka, A., Thomas, R., Fenstermacher, J., and Hatton, J. (2024) ‘Available and emerging liquid treatment technologies for PFASs’, Remediation Journal, 21 May.

McGregor, R. (2020) ‘Distribution of colloidal and powdered activated carbon for the in situ treatment of groundwater’, Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 12(12), pp. 1001–1018.

Thoreson, K.A., Laitinen, J., Leonard, G. 202‘Sustainability assessment of in situ and ex situ remediation of PFAS-contaminated groundwater’. Remediation Journal (In Press)

Soil Treatment

Sorengard, M., Kleja, D. B., Ahrens L., (2019) ‘Stabilization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) with colloidal activated carbon (PlumeStop®) as a function of soil clay and organic matter content’, Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 249, 109345.

Navarro, D., Fagerlund, F., McGregor, R., and Ahrens, L. (2023) ‘Stabilisation of PFAS in soils: Long-term effectiveness of carbon-based soil amendments’, Environmental Pollution, 323, 121249.

Market Size for PFAS Remediation

Salvatore, D., Mok, K., Garret, K.K., Poudrier, G. , Brown, P., Birnbaum, L. S., Goldenman, G., Miller, M.F., Patton S., Poehlein, M., Varshavsky, J., and Cordner, A.(2022). Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.(9)

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