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Former Taxi Maintenance Site Successfully Treated with Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation and Bioaugmentation
TCE/ 1,2-DCE Plume Reduced Using BDI Plus®, 3-D Microemulsion® and HRC® Allows for Development of Elementary School
Project Highlights
- Combined introduction of HRC® hydrogen release compounds and BDI Plus® bioaugmentation cultures resulted in reduction in chlorinated solvent concentrations, meeting site goals
- Successful remediation permitted redevelopment of the site into an elementary school
Project Summary
A former taxi maintenence facility located in Los Angeles County, California was used as a garage and maintenance facility containing seven underground storage tanks (USTs), four hydraulic hoists, an elevator, a clarifier, and a spray paint booth. Environmental assessment related to the planned redevelopment of the garage and nearby commercial properties and residences revealed contamination of the soil and groundwater beneath the site with trichloroethene (TCE) and 1,2-dichloroethene (1,2-DCE) due to release from the former USTs and paint shop areas.
Under the jurisdiction of the California Department of Toxic Substance Control, an enhanced anaerobic biodegradation approach in conjunction with bioaugmentation was developed to remediate the chlorinated solvent contamination. This approach combined the introduction of the dechlorinating microcosm BDI Plus® with the application of supporting hydrogen release compounds 3-D Microemulsion® and HRC Primer®. Following treatment of the site, reduction in TCE and 1,2-DCE concentrations have been observed after four quarters of postremediation monitoring. Microbial data supports the benefits of the bioaugmentation effort by showing a steep increase in dehalococcoides populations, which increased by nearly four orders of magnitude. In addition, all geochemical parameters are in range for a reductive state.
Technology Description
3-D Microemulsion is an engineered electron donor material that offers a novel three-stage electron donor release profile, pH neutral chemistry, and is delivered on-site as a factory-emulsified product.
HRC Primer is derivative of the standard Hydrogen Release Compound product and is designed to provide a controlled but fast release of hydrogen to assist in initiating anaerobic biodegradation.
Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM Plus (BDI Plus) is an enriched natural microbial consortium containing species of Dehalococcoides sp. (DHC). This microbial consortium has since been enriched to increase its ability to rapidly dechlorinate contaminants during in situ bioremediation processes.
Results
Reduction of TCE and 1,2-DCE concentrations by enhanced anaerobic biodegradation and bioaugmentation facilitated the redevelopment of a former taxi garage and maintenance facility. Following a reduction in contaminant concentrations, the site was redeveloped to an elementary school.
PlumeStop® Brownfield Site Remediation Reduces cVOCs by up to 97% in 78 Days
1m 17s reading time
Rapid Treatment and Precise Project Execution Keeps Large Chicago Redevelopment on Track
Project Highlights
- Monitoring wells indicated up to a 97% reduction in cVOCs 78 days post treatment
- Development schedule of urban Chicago high-rise hotel and sports arena development kept on track with effective remediation implementation
- PlumeStop® provided a long-term means of addressing contaminant mass flux migrating from untreated areas
Project Summary
Located in the heart of downtown Chicago, this brownfield site was impacted by chlorinated solvents used for a range of manufacturing activities over many decades. Redevelopment is underway to construct a multi-million dollar urban event center and sports arena with adjacent hotel and retail space planned.
The affected site stood in the way of the planned redevelopment activities. REGENESIS® Remediation Services (RRS) was contracted to treat the contaminated area. An effective combination of PlumeStop®, Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC®) and a bioaugmentation culture, BioDechlor INOCULUM Plus® (BDI Plus), was applied to achieve the remediation targets. At 78 days post-application, the two primary treatment performance wells observed up to 97% reduction in total cVOCs achieving site remediation goals.
Technology Description
PlumeStop Liquid Activated Carbon™ is composed of very fine particles of activated carbon (1-2μm) suspended in water through the use of unique organic polymer dispersion chemistry. Once in the subsurface, the material behaves as a colloidal biomatrix binding to the aquifer matrix, rapidly removing contaminants from groundwater, and enhancing permanent contaminant biodegradation.
HRC is a controlled release, electron donor material, that when hydrated is specifically designed to produce a controlled release of lactic acid. The newly available lactic acid is critical for the production of hydrogen to fuel anaerobic biodegradation processes in soil and groundwater.
Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM Plus is an enriched natural microbial consortium containing species of Dehalococcoides sp. (DHC). This microbial consortium has since been enriched to increase its ability to rapidly dechlorinate contaminants during in situ bioremediation processes.
Results
By the first monthly monitoring event, the performance wells met the remediation objective and continued to maintain cVOC reduction throughout the monitoring period.
Combined Remedies Approach Reduces CVOCs up to 97% in 78 Days
Project Highlights
- Downtown Chicago site planned for multi-million dollar redevelopment
- Manufacturing operations caused CVOC impacts in groundwater of up to 6500 ug/L
- Redevelopment schedule required effective treatment with timely implementation
- Monitoring wells indicated up to 97% reduction of CVOCs 78 days post treatment
1m 18s reading time
Project Summary
This site in downtown Chicago, was impacted by chlorinated solvents used in various historic manufacturing activities. DCE and TCE concentrations were recorded up to 7,440 µg/L in a sand formation over clay. As the site was to be redevelopment as a hotel and sports arena, and any programme delays would be extremely costly, the client needed a quick and permanent remedy to achieve the stringent target levels (of: total VOC MCL 567 µg/L and TCE MCL 242 µg/L) REGENESIS successfully remediated the groundwater to below target levels within the tight time window.
Treatment
The designed volumes of PlumeStop, HRC, and BDI Plus were successfully applied within the defined treatment zones (see map right) during the application event. A combined volume of 265 m3 of PlumeStop, HRC and BDI Plus was injected via 138 direct push injection points.
Results
78 days post-application, the two key validation wells (AW 3-3 and AW 3-2) observed 80% and 97% reduction in total CVOCs. BDI Plus was used to facilitate the bioaugmentation. As a result, the DHC sp. count and functional genes of the anaerobic metabolic pathways increased significantly from baseline measurements, as determined by QuantArray® analysis. This means that not only contaminant sorption is occurring, but that biodegradation is happening as well. The second and third monitoring round (at 108 and 138 days) confirm the production of breakdown products, indicating that enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) is ongoing. Regulatory sign-off is applied for.
What’s Special?
- Unsupported by PlumeStop, bioremediation would not have been an option for a site with such a tight programme. This project shows that accelerated bioremediation using Plumestop can compete with In Situ Chemical Oxidation on time
- The execution of this application was unique because of the tight project programme
- Rapid reduction in groundwater contamination: 80 – 97% from first sampling interval of the total solvents. The concentration levels in all wells are now compliant.
Technology Description
PlumeStop™ Liquid Activated Carbon™ is composed of very fine particles of activated carbon (1-2μm) suspended in water through the use of unique organic polymer dispersion chemistry. Once in the subsurface, the material behaves as a colloidal biomatrix binding to the aquifer matrix, rapidly removing contaminants from groundwater, and expediting permanent contaminant biodegradation.
HRC® is a controlled release, electron donor material, that when hydrated is specifically designed to produce a controlled release of lactic acid. The newly available lactic acid is critical for the production of hydrogen to fuel anaerobic biodegradation processes in soil and groundwater.
Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM® Plus is an enriched natural microbial consortium containing species of Dehalococcoides sp. (DHC). This microbial consortium has since been enriched to increase its ability to rapidly dechlorinate contaminants during in situ bioremediation processes.
Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination with Bioaugmentation Treats Source Area, Stops Plume Migration
Combined Remedy Source Treatment Applied at Florida Dry Cleaner
Project Highlights
- Aggressive source treatment to deplete the high-concentration PCE mass
- Plume treatment with a permeable reactive barrier to cut off the plume
- Low-impact direct-push injections in both areas
Project Summary
A former dry cleaner in an urban setting in central Florida was contaminated with a PCE plume that extended nearly 1,000 feet downgradient from the source. An extensive treatability test involving multiple emulsified vegetable oils and other electron donor technologies indicated that 3-D Microemulsion® would perform best at the site. An enhanced anaerobic bioremediation treatment was implemented in two areas – the source area near the dry cleaner and an area approximately 500 feet downgradient. A total of 13,900 gallons of 3-D Microemulsion was injected into 30 direct push points in the two areas. In addition, 97 liters of Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM Plus (BDI® Plus) bioaugmentation culture was injected to accelerate treatment results.
Remediation Approach
The injections were performed near the former dry cleaner to deplete the source mass and expedite a transition into natural attenuation monitoring. A plume treatment was implemented as a permeable reactive barrier approximately 500 feet downgradient to help mitigate the risk of additional downgradient migration. Injections were completed using direct-push technology.
Technology Description
3-D Microemulsion is an engineered electron donor technology that offers a novel 3-stage electron donor release profile pH-neutral chemistry, and unique subsurface distribution properties.
Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM Plus is a natural microbial consortium containing species of Dehalococcoides sp. (DHC). This microbial consortium has since been enriched to increase its ability to rapidly dechlorinate contaminants during in situ bioremediation processes.
Regulatory Goals Met in 30 Days in Complex Industrial Dry Cleaner Plant Remediation
Project Highlights
- PCE contaminant concentrations met remediation goals within 30 days post-application
- No rebound post-application
- Remediation goals met for site closure submittal
1m 57s reading time
Project Summary
An industrial dry cleaning plant in West Allis, Wisconsin was equipped with multiple underground storage tanks (USTs) which stored the degreasing agent perchloroethylene (PCE). The UST releases date back to 50 years and created a treatment area of approximately 4,500 square feet. An in situ, combined remedies treatment approach was implemented onsite using a range of reagents including PlumeStop®, RegenOx®, Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC®) and BioDechlor INOCULUM Plus (BDI® Plus). This site was planned for future development, consequently the remediation approach was designed to achieve site closure by removing the residual source in the vadose zone and treating the deep groundwater plume.
Remediation Approach
Starting in the residual source area, in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) was applied via soil mixing down to a depth of 7 ft. below ground surface. The ISCO program using RegenOx was designed to treat a total of 140 tons of PCE-impacted clay soil with initial concentrations measuring 169 mg/kg and a remediation goal of <14 mg/kg. To address the deep groundwater plume with PCE concentrations as high as 13,800 ppb, fast-acting, PlumeStop was applied through a series of deep injection wells approximately 80 to 95 ft. below ground surface. The use of PlumeStop allows remediation practitioners to quickly reduce concentrations over a wide-area with the long-term assurance of biodegradation. HRC and BDI Plus were co-applied with PlumeStop to enhance the biodegradation process.
Technology Description
RegenOx is an advanced chemical oxidation technology that destroys contaminants and maximizes in situ performance while using a solid alkaline oxidant that employs a sodium percarbonate complex with a multi-part catalytic formula.
PlumeStop is an innovative in situ remediation technology designed to rapidly reduce contaminant concentrations, stop migrating plumes, eliminate contaminant rebound, achieve stringent clean-up standards, and treat back-diffusing contaminants.
HRC is a controlled release, electron donor material, highly efficient for the production of dissolved hydrogen to fuel anaerobic biodegradation processes in soil and groundwater.
Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM Plus is a species of Dehalococcoides sp. (DHC), enriched to increase its ability to rapidly dechlorinate contaminants during in situ bioremediation processes.
Results
The ISCO application of RegenOx, and combined approach using HRC, BDI Plus and PlumeStop rapidly reduced contaminant concentrations to achieve the remediation goal in just 30 days post-application. As a result, the client has submitted for site closure. Using an innovative combined remedies approach provides environmental remediation professionals with an effective solution for treating sites that present multiple challenges including hard to treat contaminants, sites with lengthy history of impacted soils, difficult geologies, and time constraints.
Combined Remedies Approach (Dual Phase Extraction, ISCO and ERD) Lead to Rapid Results on a Guaranteed Cost to Closure Project in Indiana
3- D Microemulsion, BDI Plus and RegenOx Reduce cVOC Concentrations
Project Highlights
- Guaranteed cost to closure project.
- ISCO coupled with dual-phase extraction was successful in reducing cVOC concentrations within the core source area.
- Plume-wide ERD injection resulted in meeting remedial goals within 18-20 months.
- Combined remedy approach (ISCO & ERD) accelerated the time to closure allowing project to be completed within budget
Project Summary
A plating plant in Batesville, Indiana was contaminated with chlorinated VOCs. A subsequent investigation identified a plume of TCE extending from the building approximately 250 feet down gradient (off-site and onto private property across a street).
Remediation Approach
The initial remedial approach involved installation and operation of a dual-phase extraction (DPE) system throughout most of the plume area (26 extraction wells), which operated for approximately 1 ½ years. Approximately one year after the DPE system installation, a core area in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) injection of RegenOx® was performed by KERAMIDA and Regenesis Remediation Services (RRS). ISCO combined with further operation of the DPE system was effective in additional reductions of cVOC concentrations in the groundwater. Upon conclusion of these efforts, the DPE system was shut down to allow for enhanced reductive dechlorination process to take place.
A successful enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) pilot test with 3-D Microemulsion® and BDI® Plus was performed around two off-site wells at the leading edge of the plume. Based on the success of this test, an ERD injection was performed in a newly-identified source area with outstanding results in the first six months. Consequently, the DPE system remained shut down and a full-scale ERD injection was performed in the core area of the plume.
Approximately 9 months after the full scale injections, a very small supplemental injection was performed in the off-site area where the pilot study was done and another in an area where no injection was performed. One year after the full-scale ERD injection, cVOC concentrations are below the target cleanup levels in all wells with the exception of two slightly elevated VC concentrations, which are expected to decrease shortly.
Technology Description
3-D Microemulsion is an engineered electron donor material that offers a novel 3-stage electron donor release profile, pH neutral chemistry and is delivered on-site as a factory-emulsified product.
RegenOx is an advanced chemical oxidation technology that destroys contaminants through powerful, yet controlled chemical reactions and not through biological means. This product maximizes in situ performance while using a solid alkaline oxidant that employs a sodium percarbonate complex with a multi-part catalytic formula.
Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM Plus is an enriched natural microbial consortium containing species of Dehalococcoides sp. (DHC). This microbial consortium has since been enriched to increase its ability to rapidly dechlorinate contaminants during in situ bioremediation processes.
About the Consultant
KERAMIDA Inc. is an engineering and consulting firm that serves industries, businesses, cities, and governments worldwide. They provide strategy and implementation services in: Sustainability, Green House Gases, Energy, Environmental Compliance, Remediation, Environmental Due Diligence, Brownfield Redevelopment, Plant Decommissioning, Health & Safety, Training, Risk Management, and ISO Management Systems. Established in 1988, KERAMIDA is headquartered in the historic Lockerbie Square district of Indianapolis, Indiana. The firm employs over 70 technical experts and support personnel in offices throughout the U.S., including Chicago, IL; Pittsburgh, PA; New York, NY; Los Angeles, CA, Sacramento, CA. KERAMIDA’s many principals have worked for over 25 years in the sustainability, environmental, health & safety, and remediation arenas, and are recognized leaders in their fields. Their engineers, scientists, and planners are renowned for delivering creative, integrated EHS solutions to a broad range of clients throughout the U.S. and abroad.
Regenesis Remediation Services™ – TCE Plume Treated with 3-D Microemulsion®
Combined Treatment Remedies Reduce Contamination Concentrations at Wisconsin Manufacturing Facility
Regenesis Remediation Services (RRS) was contracted to design and implement an in situ enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) remediation plan for this manufacturing site, impacted by trichloroethylene (TCE). The treatment included the use of 3-D Microemulsion® and Chemical Reducing Solution (CRS®) as controlled-release electron donors, and BDI® Plus to bioaugment the subsurface. The two treatment areas at this former manufacturing facility covered an area of 35,000 square feet (ft2). A total of 19,200 pounds of 3-D Microemulsion, 2,400 lbs. of CRS, and 48 liters of BDI Plus with over 1011 Dehalococcoides (DHC) cells per liter were injected over a period of less than two weeks on site.
Thirty-nine direct-push injection points were advanced between both of the treatment areas. RRS utilized retractable screen tip injection tooling to apply the pH neutral 3-D Microemulsion with CRS and BDI Plus at discrete intervals in the vertical treatment intervals of 5 to 20 feet below ground surface (bgs) and 15 to 30 feet bgs. The RRS trailer and equipment configuration allowed for low pressure application of the remediation chemistry at up to three injection points simultaneously. Remediation chemistry was applied up to 100 feet from the trailer in subfreezing temperatures while RRS personnel monitored flow rates and injection pressures at each application point to optimize distribution and influence of the remediation chemistry.
Regenesis Remediation Services™ – PCE Plume Treated with 3-D Microemulsion®
Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination & Bioaugmentation Used to Remediate Chlorinated Solvents at a Brownfield Site
A real estate developer and their environmental consultant selected RRS to design and implement an in situ enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) remediation plan for this Brownfield site originally developed in the 1890s, called Belknap Crossings. The site was impacted by two groundwater plumes averaging 300 ug/L trichloroethylene (TCE). The remediation design included the use of 3-D Microemulsion® as a controlled-release electron donor and bioaugmentation using BDI® Plus. The two TCE plumes at this
former manufacturing facility covered an area of 58,000 square feet (ft2). A total of 26,000 pounds of 3-D Microemulsion and 22 liters of BDI Plus with over 1011 Dehalococcoides (DHC) cells per liter were injected over a period of less than two weeks on site.
Taking advantage of 3-D Microemulsion’s unique subsurface distribution characteristics, direct-push injection points were advanced every 480 ft2. RRS utilized retractable screen-tip injection tooling to apply the pH neutral 3-D Microemulsion with BDI Plus at discrete intervals across the vertical treatment interval from 24 feet below ground surface (bgs) to 34 feet bgs in a bottom-up approach. The RRS trailer and equipment configuration allowed for low pressure application of the remediation chemistry at up to three injection points simultaneously, up to 200 feet from the trailer while monitoring flow rates and injection pressures at each application point.
Regenesis Remediation Services™ – PCE Plume Treated with 3-D Microemulsion®
Combined Treatment Remedies Used to Reductively Dechlorinate Contamination at Former Dry Cleaners Site
Regenesis Remediation Services (RRS) was contracted to design and implement the treatment of groundwater contaminated by residual chlorinated volatile organic compounds (cVOCs) at this former dry cleaner site. The design included the use of 3-D Microemulsion® as a controlledrelease electron donor and bioaugmentation using BDI® Plus. The treatment area covered approximately 600 square feet (ft2), and a total of 800 pounds of 3-D Microemulsion and 18 liters of BDI Plus with over 1011 (Dehalococcoides) DHC cells per liter were injected throughout the treatment area in one day of work.
Taking advantage of 3-D Microemulsion’s unique ability to distribute in the subsurface via micellar movement, twelve direct-push injection points were advanced every 50 ft2. RRS utilized retractable screen-tip injection tooling to apply the pH neutral 3-D Microemulsion with BDI Plus at discrete intervals across the injection vertical treatment interval from 6 to 13 feet below ground surface (bgs). The RRS trailer and equipment configuration allowed for low pressure application of the remediation chemistry while monitoring flow rates, reagent distribution, and injection pressures at each application point.
Regenesis Remediation Services™ – TCE Plume Treated with 3-D Microemulsion®
Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination & Bioaugmentation Used to Remediate Chlorinated Solvents at a Brownfield Site
A real estate developer and their environmental consultant selected RRS to design and implement an in situ enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) remediation plan for this Brownfield site originally developed in the 1890s, called Belknap Crossings. The site was impacted by two groundwater plumes averaging 300 ug/L trichloroethylene (TCE). The remediation design included the use of 3-D Microemulsion® as a controlled-release electron donor and
bioaugmentation using BDI® Plus. The two TCE plumes at this former manufacturing facility covered an area of 58,000 square feet (ft2). A total of 26,000 pounds of 3-D Microemulsion and 22 liters of BDI Plus with over 1011 Dehalococcoides (DHC) cells per liter were injected over a period of less than two weeks on site.
Taking advantage of 3-D Microemulsion’s unique subsurface distribution characteristics, direct-push injection points were advanced every 480 ft2. RRS utilized retractable screen-tip injection tooling to apply the pH neutral 3-D Microemulsion with BDI Plus at discrete intervals across the vertical treatment interval from 24 feet below ground surface (bgs) to 34 feet bgs in a bottom-up approach. The RRS trailer and equipment configuration allowed for low pressure application of the remediation chemistry at up to three injection points simultaneously, up to 200 feet from the trailer while monitoring flow rates and injection pressures at each application point.
